force acts

Now let us move from forces' in solids to forces in liquids. If a solid is placed into a liquid the solid will push the liquid out of its path with the result that the liquid will push back on the solid. This is an example of Newton's Third law of motion which states 'action and reaction are equal and opposite'. The upward force exerted by liquids on objects placed in the liquid is known as the upthrust. Upthrust acts on a body in a liquid even if the body is resting on some support such as the bottom of a vessel, provided the space between the body and the support is not evacuated. A marble dropped into water in a beaker will sink to the bottom of the beaker as in Fig. 3.13(a). The forces acting on the marble are its weight W, the upthrust U of the water and the reaction R of the base of the beaker; W = R + U. A marble resting in a hole in the container will not have an upthrust acting on it. This time the downward forces on the marble are its weight W and the weight w of the liquid above it pressing the marble into the hole. The total reaction on the edges of the hole R2 = W + w, which is much greater than the reaction R in the beaker where R = W — U.

hybridized

3. Simple interaction (9:3:3:1 ratio)Bateson and Punnett gave classical example in fowl to show two genes influencing the same character. There are four types of combs recognised among fowls—pea, rose, walnut and single. These are caused by two allelomorphic pairs of genes symbolised by PPrr (pea), ppRR (rose). A cross between the two produces a new comb form in Fj generation called walnut (RrPp). The F[ generation on selfing produced F2 generation as follows—9 walnut, 3 pea, 3 rose and 1 single. Thus when dominant gene P is present alone (without other dominant gene R) the comb is pea type. When R is present alone, the comb is green or red or rose. But when both P and R are present there is an interaction and the comb becomes walnut. When no dominant gene is present, the comb is of double recessive, i.e., single type (Fig. 65.4).A Summary Chart of Common Types of Interaction of Genes Observeds.No.FactorsExamplesF2Phenotypic ratioP,Parent-1P2Parent-2FiIndividualF2 Population (Genotype and Phenotype)1.Simple interactionComb colour in fowl9:3:3:1RRpp Rose combrrPP Pea combR-P-Walnut combR-P-Walnut (9)R-pp Rose (3)rrP-Pea(3)rrpp Single (1)2.Epistasis(dominantepistasis)Body colour in dogsaaBB BlackAAbb WhiteA-B-White| A-B-| (9) WhiteA-MT~j (3) White 1aaB-(3) Blackaabb (1) BrownSeed coat colour in Cajanus cajan12:3:1BBrr Black seededbbRR Red seededB-R-Black seededir B-R-1 (9) Black L_____B-rr 1 (3) Black 1bbR-(3) Redbbrr (1) White3.Supplementary factors (Recessive epistasis)Flower colour in Antirrhinum9:3:4AAbb IvoryaaBB WhiteA-B-MagentaA-B- (9) MagentaA-bb (3) Ivory, aaB-1 (3) Whiteaabb (1) White jSkin colour in riceAAbb Black skinaaBB Albino skinA-B-Agauti colourA-B-(9) AgautiA-bb (3) BlackaaB1-" I (3) Albinoaabb j (1) Albino JAComplementary factors. IV V W V r 111colour of paddyAAbb GrayaaBB GrayA-B-RedA D ri u(9) Redi "/^bb1 (3) Gray1aaB-(3) Grayaabb ! (1) Gray JFlower colour in Lathyrus odoratus9 : 7CCpp White flowersccPP White flowersC-P-Red flowersC-P-(9) Redr c-pp1 (3) WhiteccP-(3) Whiteccpp J (1) White j5.Inhibitory factorsPigmentation in leaves of paddy13 : 3Ilpp Green pig.iiPP Purple pig.I-P-Green pig.I-P-(9) GreenI-pp (3) GreeniiP-(3) Purpleiipp (1) Green6.Duplicate factorsFruit shape of Capsella15 : 1AABB Triangularaabb Top shapedA-B-Triangular shapeA-B- (9) TriangularA-bb (3) TriangularaaB- (3) Triangularaabb (1) Top shapedAwned character in paddy grainsA1A1a2a2 Awneda j A2A2 AwnedA, - A2 AwnedA, - A2 (9) AwnedA j a2a2 (3) Awneda,a| A2-(3) Awneda^ aja2a2 (1) Awnless7.Polymorphism additive effectPericarp colour in wheat9:6:1Light redLight redR, - R2-Deep redR, - R2 (9) Deep redR, - r2r2 (3) Light redr,r,R2- (3) Light redrlrlr2r2 (1) WhiteC j C j . Deep redC|C|C2C2ColourlessC,-C2-Deep redC,-C2 Deep redC j c2c2 Light redLight redc1c,c2c2 White4. Complementary factors (9 : 7 ratio)Sometimes a trait is produced by the interaction of two or more genes situated on separate chromosomes which complement one another. In some varieties of sweet pea the following interaction of two pairs of genes has been noted, (Fig. 65.5) ccR-, C-rr and ccrr- white colour C-R-Red colour. It was observed by Bateson and Punnett in Lathyrus odoratus.Here gene C and R are complementory to each other and necessary for the production of colour in flower. When they are together (C - R -), red colour in petals develop.

inorganic chemistry notes

inevitably, adv. unavoidably ease, v. relieve from pain or anxietycaption, n. wording appended, to an illustrationbiochemist, n. a person who makes a study of the chemistry of living organismsingredient, n. component part in a mixturecrystalline, adj. having the structure and form of a crystalcomputation, n. calculation enormous, adj. great ego, n. selfstrike a balance, find or take an intermediate position; compromisemacro-molecule, n. any very large molecule, such as proteinmonomer, n. a compound whose molecules can join together to form a polymerinalienable rights, rights that cannot be transferred to anotherorganelle, a structural and functional unit in a cell orunicellular organism ribosome, n. any of numerous minute particles in the cytoplasm of cells that contain RNA and protein and are the site of protein synthesistrillion, (US) a thousand billions (written as 1,000,000,000,000) penultimate, adj. next to the last dry ice, n. solid carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant fraud, n. a deceptive personout on a limb, in a risky, vulnerable, or questionable positionincubator, n. a device for the artificial development of micro-organismscell culture, the development of cells or micro-organisms in artificial mediacrassest, adj. coarsestmaterial, adj. composed of mattermagnitude, n. size or extentminiaturization, n. reductioa of the size ofAlfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) English mathematician and philosopherThe following chemicals are named in the passage:hemoglobin NADP trypsininsulin acetate kinase alkaline phosphatasehyaluronic acid bilirubin human DNAUNA collagen human albuminbradykinin prolactin proteinamino acid ribonucleas ribosome follicle-stimulating hormone

surface area and volume formulas

Example 1:Find the surface of the sphere, whose radius is 6 cm.Solution:Formula for finding the surface area of sphere is given as,Surface area of sphere     = 4 âˆ r2                                     = 4*3.14*62                                     = 12.56*36                                     = 452.16 cm2.Example 2:Find the area of sphere ball whose diameter is 8 cm.Solution: Formula for finding the surface area of sphere is given as,Surface area of sphere = 4 âˆ r2Radius  = Diameter/2            = 8/2            = 4 cmArea     = 4*3.14*42            = 12.56*16            = 200.96 cm2. Example 3:Find the volume of the sphere, whose radius is 3 cm.Solution:Formula for finding the volume of sphere is given as,Volume of sphere = (4∏r3)/3                             = 4*3.14*33 / 3                             = 12.56*27 / 3                             = 12.56*9                             = 113.04 cm3.

human heart diagram

Supply of oxygenated blood to the upper part of the body:Subclavian arteries that arise from the aorta carries blood to the arms and the carotid artery carries blood to the head.Supply of oxygenated blood to the lower part of the body:The hepatic artery that arise from the blood vessel aorta carries blood to liver, the mesenteric artery carries blood to the small intestine, the renal artery carries blood to kidneys, and the iliac artery carries blood to legs.Supply of oxygenated blood is shown in red color in the below systemic circulation diagram

problem solving in mathematics

Problem 1: Subtract 56 from 78.Answer: 22Problem 2: Multiply 2 and 15.Answer: 30

isosceles triangle definition

Simplify the following isosceles triangle tutor. Problem: Find the perimeter of isosceles triangle whose side 14cm, and base 10cm.Solution:The given problem is to find the perimeter of isosceles triangle whose side are 14cm, and base 10cm.Step 1: The perimeter of isosceles triangle is 2a+bStep 2: The given side a=14cm, and base b =10cm. Step 3:  substitute the value in the formula= 2(14)+10 = 28+10Step 4: The perimeter of isosceles triangles is 38cm.