matrix division

A AEROBIC RESPIRATION oxidation of food in the presence of oxygen ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION oxidation of food in the absence of oxygep ANTIBIOTIC medicine that kills disease-causing bacteria ANUS opening at one end of the digestive tract through which undigested food leaves the body ATP (adenosine triphosphate) small molecule in a cell which can store, transfer or release energy AUTOTROPHS organisms that make their own food AXON long fibre thai extends from the cell body of a neuronB  BALL AN D SOCKET JOINT joint in which end of one bone is rounded, which fits into the hollow part of the other bone BERI BERI condition caused due to deficiency of vitamin B BOWMAN'S CAPSULE cup-shaped structure at one end of a nephron BRONCHUS {plural bronchi) thin pipe that branches off from the trachea to enter a lung C CAMBIUM lateral meristematic tissue that produces new xylem and phloem cells in a stem CARNIVORES animals that eat other animalsCELL BODY central part of a neuron CELL WALL structure in plant cell Outside the cell membrane CENTRIOLE organelle in animal cells which helps in cell division CHLOROPLASTplastid containing chlorophyll CHROMOPLAST plastid containing coloured pigments CHROMOSOME small, thread-like structure in the nucleus of a cell CISTERNAE flattened sac-like vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi bodiesCONNECTIVE TISSUE tissue that joins and supports different body parts CRISTAE folds of the inner membrane of mitochondrion CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION exchange of gases through the skin of animals CYTOPLASM jelly-like'substance that fills most of the cell D  DENDRITE short branched extension of a neuronDERMIS inner thick layer of the skin DIGESTION process of converting complex food into a simple, absorbable form E ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM network of membranes in the cytoplasm EPIDERMIS outer layer of the skin EPITHELIAL TISSUE layer of cells that covers the external surface of the body and also forms the lining of the internal organs EXTEN50R muscle that contracts to straighten a part of the body F FLEXOR muscle that contracts and causes a part of the body to bend towards the bodyGGEOTROPiSM movement of plant parts in response to force of gravity GLAND organ that produces secretions GLIDING JOINT joint that allows sliding movement between two bonesH HAEMOGLOBIN red oxygen-carrying pigment in RBCs HERBIVORES animals that feed or plantsIHETEROTROPHS organisms that obtain food directly or indirectly from plantsINTERNAL RESPIRATION using oxygen to break down food and release energy in the bodyJJOINT place where two or more bones meet together in the skeletonkKIDNEY organ that filters wastes from the bloodL LACUNA tiny fluid-filled spaces in cartilagenous connective tissue LIGAMENT strong band of connective tissue that hold two or more bones at jointsLIVER organ that produces bile which helps in digestion LOCOMOTION movement of the entire body of the animal from one place to another LYMPH colourless fluid connective tissue; it surrounds cells of the bodyM MATRIX ground substance of connective tissue in which cells are presentMERISTEMATIC TISSUE plant tissue made up of cells that divide continuously MICROORGANISMS living organisms that can be seen only through a microscope MITOCHONDRION {plural mitochondria} rod-like organelle which helps get energy from food MUSCULAR SYSTEM system consisting of the muscles in the body MUSCULAR TISSUE animal tissue that forms the muscles in the body NNASTIC MOVEMENTS non-directional plant movements that occur in response to environmental stimuli NERVE bundle of nerve cells that carry messages throughout the body NEURON specialized cell that makes up the brain, spinal cord and nerves O OESOPHAGUS tube that leads from the mouth to stomach ORGAN part of an organism made up of one or more .types of tissues, which performs a specific function ORGAN SYSTEM group of organs that work togetherORGANELLE small structure found in the cytoplasm of a cellP PALISADE TISSUE parenchyma tissue in leaves containing chloroplastsPARENCHYMA plant tissue composed of simple cells with thin wailsPERMANENT TISSUE plant tissue made up of ceils that cannot dividePLASMA liquid part of blood in which the blood cells floatPROTOZOA group consisting of only single-celled animalsRRED BLOOD CELL cell that transports oxygenRESPIRATION process of taking in oxygen and using it,to release energy from foodRESPONSE reaction of an organism to a stimulus S SCAVENGERS animals that consume dead animals and dispose them SCLERENCHYMA hard and strong supporting tissue made up of dead and thick-walled cells SIEVE CELL elongated cell of phloem having minute pores SPECIES a group of living organisms which can breed among themselves SPIRILLA spiral-shaped bacteriaTTENDON connective tissue that joins skeletal muscles to bones TISSUE cells that have similar structure and perform similar functions TRACHEA tube passing through the neck that divides into two bronchi TRACHEID tube-like dead cell in xylem TRANSPIRATION loss of water from leaves through the stomataV VACUOLE sac-like organelle which stores food, water or wastesVASCULAR BUNDLE xylem and phloem tissues present togetherVASCULAR TISSUE permanent tissue in plants made up of xylem and phloemVERTEBRA smalt bone of a vertebral columnVESICLE small, round membranous structure in a cellVESSEL non-living part of xylem that, has tube-like ceils joined end to endW WARM BLOODED ANIMAL animal ' that has a constant body temperatureWHITE BLOOD CELL cell in blood that, fights disease-causing microorganisms xXYLEM complex vascular tissue that transports water and mineral salts

aldol condensation

(i) With hydroxylamine : Aldehydes and ketones react with hydroxylamine to give corresponding oximes containing (> C = N - OH) group. The reaction is carried in the presence of a base like NaOH.(a) Acetaldehyde with hydroxylamine gives acetaldoxime. h hI ________ICH3 - C = Jo + _H2]nOH ) CH3 - cf NOH + HzO *acetaldehyde acetaldoximeCH3 CH3 ....CH3 - c =€f +~H21NOH ) CH3 - c = NOH + H20i____.Z'i ; - acetone acetoxime (ii) With hydrazine : Aldehydes and ketones react with hydrazine to give corresponding hydrazones. h h 1 r-___„ * IH3C-C = jO + H2|- N-NH2-> H3C-C =N-NH2 + H2O acetaldehyde acetaldehyde hydrazone ch3 ch3 I .1 h3c - c =jo_ + JH2_j- n - nh2—> h3c - c = n - nh2 + h2oacetone acetone hydrazone(iii) With phenylhydrazine : Aldehydes and ketones react with phenylhydrazine to give the corresponding phenylhydrazone.(a) Acetaldehyde with phenylhydrazine gives acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone.H HI Ich3 - c = jo + H2j nnhc6h5 -4 ch3 - c = nnhc6h5 + h2oacetaldehyde acetaldehyde phenylhydrazone(b) Acetone with phenylhydrazine gives acetone phenylhydrazone.CH3 CH3I ICH3- C=iO + H^N -NH-CgHs —» CH3-C = N-NH_C6H5 +H20acetone acetone phenylhydrazone(iv) Aldol condensation : Aldehydes or ketones containing active a-hydrogen atom, i.e. hydrogen on the carbon atom adjacent to carbonyl group (a-carbon atom) give P-hydroxy aldehyde, i.e. aldol or p-hydroxy ketone respectively on warming with dilute solution of sodium hydroxide (10%) or sodium carbonate. This reaction is known as aldol condensation. Formaldehyde and benzaldehyde do not give this reaction as they have no a-hydrogen atom. Aldol contains an aldehydic group (-cho) and also alcoholic group (-oh). (Aid for aldehyde group and -ol for alcohol, hence the name aid + ol = aldol.)(a) This is an addition reaction. This addition takes place in such a way that a-carbon atom of one aldehyde molecule is attached to the carbonyl carbon of the second molecule and a-hydrogen of one aldehyde is attached to carbonyl oxygen of the other to give P-hydroxy aldehvde.Aldol loses one water molecule on heating with an acid to form unsaturated aldehyde.When aldol condensation takes place between two molecules of different aldehydes, then it is known as cross aldol condensation. h h I „ Na2C03 I „ch3ch2c =o+hch2c = o-> ch3ch2-cp-ch2-c = o| solution ( |h oh hpropionaldehyde acetaldehyde propionaldol(b) Certain ketones like acetone in presence of barium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide give diacetone alcohol (p-hydroxy ketone). CH3 H O CH3 H O I I II Ba(OH)2 J J II CH3 -C + H-c«-c-CH3---^ cha-pc-aC -C-CH3Oh oh hacetone acetone diacetone alcohol(4-hydroxy, 4 -methyl, pentan-2-one)

modern periodic table

Learn table of Pythagorean related trigonometric identities:cos2θ + sin2θ = 1sin θ = ± `sqrt(1 - cos^2 theta)`cos θ = ± `sqrt(1 - sin^2 theta)`sin θ = `1/(csc theta)`cos θ = `1/(sec theta)` tan θ = `1/(cot theta)`csc   θ = `1/(sin theta)` sec   θ = `1/(cos theta)`  cot   θ = `1/(tan theta)`1 + tan2θ = sec2θ1 + cot2θ = csc2θsin θ = ± `(tan theta)/(sqrt(1 + tan^2theta))`cos θ = ± `1/(sqrt(1 + tan^2theta))`tan θ = Â± `sqrt(sec^2 theta - 1)`csc θ = ± `(sqrt(1 + tan^2theta))/(tan theta)`    sec θ = ± `(sqrt(1 + tan^2theta))`cot θ =  ± `1/(sqrt(sec^2 theta - 1))`Learn table of symmetry related trigonometric identities:sin (-θ) = - sin θ       cos (-θ) = + cos θ      tan (-θ) = - tan θ   csc (-θ) = - csc θ  sec (-θ) = + sec θ      cot (-θ) = - cot θ     sin (∏ - θ) = + sin θcos (∏ - θ) = - cos θtan (∏ - θ) = - tan θcsc (∏ - θ) = + csc θsec (∏ - θ) = - sec θcot (∏ - θ) = - cot sin (`pi/2` - θ) = + cos θcos (`pi/2` - θ) = + sin θtan (`pi/2` - θ) = + cot θcsc (`pi/2` - θ) = + sec θsec (`pi/2` - θ) = + csc θcot (`pi/2` - θ) = + tan θLearn table of shifts and periodicity related trigonometric identities:sin (θ + `pi/2` ) = + cos θ cos (θ + `pi/2` ) = - sin θ tan (θ + `pi/2` ) = - cot θ   csc (θ + `pi/2` ) = + sec θsec (θ + `pi/2` ) = - csc θ     cot (θ + `pi/2` ) = - tan θ    sin (θ + ∏) = - sin θcos (θ + ∏) = - cos θtan (θ + ∏) = + tan θcsc (θ + ∏) = - csc θsec (θ + ∏) = - sec θcot (θ + ∏) = + cot θsin (θ + 2∏) = + cos θcos (θ + 2∏) = + sin θtan (θ + 2∏) = + cot θcsc (θ + 2∏) = + sec θsec (θ + 2∏) = + csc θcot (θ + 2∏) = + tan θ

process mapping examples

1)What is the addition of the following array in math.     Solution     The given array is as follows,             Now we can add the numbers .       This is the addition process.2)What is the difference of the following Array?   Solution     The given array is as follows,              Now subtract the second group from the first group.       This is the process of the subtraction.3) Multiply the following array.     Solution     Here we can multiply the first row of the first group into all columns of the second group.     So the multiplication is as follows,   This is the multiplication process.

math test generator

 Example 1- Study online exponential generating functionDraw the graph for given exponential function `f(x)=(50/25)+e^x`Solution:      We have to find the corresponding value of f(x) by substituting the value of x. After find out the f(x)-value for all x-value make them into table format as represented below.`f(x)=(50/25)+e^x``f(0)= (50/25)+e^0=3``f(1)= (50/25)+e^1=3.718``f(2)= (50/25)+e^2=9.38``f(3)= (50/25)+e^3=22.08`x0123f(x)34.7189.38922.08       When plotting the graph we have to assume scale as per our x and f(x) value. After find out the x-value and y-value ie f(x) we have to mark the points on a graph sheet then we have to join the points as coordinate respectively.Scale:In x-axis 1 unit=1 cmIn y-axis 1 unit=5 cmGraph for the given function is given below

equation for photosynthesis

Before 1930, it was considered by physiologists that one molecule each of CO2 and H2O form a molecule of formaldehyde (HCHO), of which 6 mols are polymerized to one molecule of glucose (a hexose sugar).LightCO2 + H2O -> HCHO + 02Chlorophyll (Formaldehyde) Polymerization6CH20 (or 6HCHO)-> C6Hi206(Formaldehyde) (Hexose sugar)However formaldehyde is a toxic substance which may kill the plants. Hence, formaldehyde hypothesis could not be accepted.On the basis of discovery of Nicolas de Saussure (1804) that "The amount of O2 released fromplants is equal to the amount of CO2 absorbed by plants", it was considered that O2 released inphotosynthesis comes from CO2, but later on it was proved wrong.In 1930, C.B. van Niel proved that, sulphur bacteria use H2S (in place of water) and CO2 tosynthesize carbohydrates as follows :6CO2 + 12H2S-> C6H1206 + 6H20 + 12SThis led van Niei to the postulation that in green plants, water (H2O) is utilized in place of H2Sand O2 is evolved in place of sulphur (S).6C02 + 12H20-> C6H1206 + 6H20 + 602This was confirmed by Ruben and Kamen in 1941 using chlorella a green alga. He used water(H20), having heavy isotope of oxygen (O18), oxygen of 18 atomic weight (normal oxygen is of 1618atomic weight) and found that oxygen released in the process of photosynthesis was of O 0 type (i.e., heavy oxygen). On the contrary when CO28 was used, the released oxygen was of normal type, i.e., O26. From this it can be concluded that, oxygen released by green plants comes from splitting of water (oxidation of water).Furthermore because 6 molecules of oxygen can be produced by 12 molecules of water only, the summary equation of photosynthesis is written as follows :Oxygenic and Anoxygenic Photosynthesis(i) Oxygenic photosynthesis (with evolution of O2) is found in eukaryotes and cyanobacteria. Water acts as H-donar to produce NADP.2H thus photolysis of water is essentialLightC02 + H2O-> Sugar + OxygenChlorophyll(ii) Anoxygenic photosynthesis (without the evolution of O2) is found in photosynthetic bacteria. H2S acts as H-donar and no photolysis of water is needed.LightCO2 + H2S-> Sugar + Sulphur or other oxidised compounds orChlorophyll some other inorganic compoundsAnoxygenic photosynthesizing forms are strictly anaerobic and thus O2 acts as a poison for them.

alternating current generator

An AC circuit consists of combinations of circuit elements like resistors, inductors and capacitors fed by an AC generator which provides sinusoidal voltage. To analyse an AC circuit is to find the current through the given circuit and the phase difference between the current and the applied voltage.